* not completed

. Agricultural extensification increases overall crop output ________.

a) by increasing labour and technological resources correct incorrect

b) by diversifying crops correct incorrect

c) by expanding the areas cultivated correct incorrect

d) through more comprehensive agricultural management correct incorrect

e) by solidifying property rights correct incorrect

* not completed

. The participatory approach holds that ________.

a) rural development should be controlled by the full range of rural actors with a stake in it correct incorrect

b) top-down planning is most effective for achieving rural development correct incorrect

c) the participation of development "experts" is invaluable correct incorrect

d) technocratic participation is key for rural development correct incorrect

e) all of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. For the first time in human history (according to FAO figures in 2014), ________ per cent of us live in towns or cities and not in rural areas.

a) 23 per cent correct incorrect

b) 56 per cent correct incorrect

c) 54 per cent correct incorrect

d) 85 per cent correct incorrect

e) 91 per cent correct incorrect

* not completed

. The term "livelihood" is defined as ________.

a) social and material capabilities, assets, and activities required for a means of living correct incorrect

b) a status conferred to the inhabitants of a state correct incorrect

c) the ties of the developing state to external interest correct incorrect

d) the ability to adapt to and recover from hazards and crisis correct incorrect

e) the measure of income and happiness correct incorrect

* not completed

. In terms of rural development, the United States is typically depicted as ________.

a) labour-rich, but with limited land resources correct incorrect

b) land-rich, but with scarce labour since the early twentieth century correct incorrect

c) being highly aware of their own "comparative advantage" correct incorrect

d) land-rich, but with scarce labour until the early twentieth century correct incorrect

e) being highly reliant on fertilizers and other technologies correct incorrect

* not completed

. Ester Boserup hypothesized that technology development and agricultural extensification can be triggered by ________.

a) an increase in GDP per capita correct incorrect

b) more equitable income distribution correct incorrect

c) market protectionism correct incorrect

d) external influences correct incorrect

e) an increase in population density correct incorrect

* not completed

. In Transforming Traditional Agriculture, T.W. Schultz proposed that ________.

a) "traditional" small farmers often allocate their resources based on social connections and obligations correct incorrect

b) "traditional" small farmers rationally allocate their resources correct incorrect

c) "traditional" small farmers are ill-equipped for leading rural development correct incorrect

d) agriculture does not play a large role in economic development correct incorrect

e) industrial development should be given more attention than agricultural development correct incorrect

* not completed

. Participatory approaches to rural development gained broad acceptance since the late ________.

a) 1950s correct incorrect

b) 1960s correct incorrect

c) 1970s correct incorrect

d) 1980s correct incorrect

e) 1990s correct incorrect

* not completed

. The following is NOT a category created by the World Bank in 2008 to describe "rural worlds": ________.

a) agriculture-based countries correct incorrect

b) transforming countries correct incorrect

c) urbanized countries correct incorrect

d) hybrid countries correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. The term "land tenure" refers to ________.

a) the security of land access correct incorrect

b) the quality of arable land correct incorrect

c) squatters' rights correct incorrect

d) the privatization of public lands correct incorrect

e) none of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Different strategies can be pursued for substantial livelihood depending on the mediation of ________.

a) institutional processes correct incorrect

b) organizational reforms correct incorrect

c) management of mines correct incorrect

d) social capital correct incorrect

e) industrialization correct incorrect

* not completed

. The complexity of land tenure regimes often also means that the inequality in landownership and use-rights is ________.

a) entrenched correct incorrect

b) weakened correct incorrect

c) totally removed correct incorrect

d) coordinated correct incorrect

e) informal correct incorrect

* not completed

. Wood (2002) argues that an increasingly prosperous Africa could be more like ________ than land-scare regions.

a) Asia correct incorrect

b) Australia correct incorrect

c) America correct incorrect

d) Northern African correct incorrect

e) Nordic countries correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the 1950s, the "two-sector" theory of development assumed ________.

a) traditional sector must be kept immune from any changes correct incorrect

b) industrial sector must replace traditional sector correct incorrect

c) the small subsistence economy must be diversified in itself correct incorrect

d) the large economies must be dissolved in favor of local productivity correct incorrect

e) the small-farm subsistence sector had to be replaced by modern activities correct incorrect

* not completed

. The sustainable livelihoods approach is the latest attempt to confront the issues of rural poverty in as ________ a manner as possible.

a) traditional correct incorrect

b) holistic correct incorrect

c) technological correct incorrect

d) atomistic correct incorrect

e) diverse correct incorrect

* not completed

. Most of the world's population earning less than $1 per day is still "rural."

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The sustainable livelihoods approach challenges the "farming first" mentality of other strategies.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Beyond the logic of national statistical services, we can distinguish two enduring, material features of "rurality."

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The 2008 food price crisis was clearly linked to the suddenly rising housing prices.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Industrial revolutions have been fuelled by agricultural growth.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Ashley and Maxwell (2001) point out that rural areas, even ones of great poverty and apparent marginalization, often have much greater income diversity than is normally assumed.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Countries in which agriculture is no longer a major contributor to economic growth but rural poverty remains widespread are known as transforming countries.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The Green Revolution promoted high-yielding varieties of produce that were not always appropriate for resource-poor farmers.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The "community development" approach to rural development derived from both British experience in "preparing" India for independence and the domestic policy of the United States.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The rural-urban divide is increasingly irrelevant in terms of markets, livelihoods, and activities.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Malthus, Marx, and Boserup understood the systematic interaction of population, environment (land), and technology (agricultural methods) in the same way.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. With strong donor support, IRD in the 1970s and 1980s had promising results.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Integrated rural development (IRD) ignored how to revive and build on community development while incorporating the new ideas of small-farm efficiency to promote balanced development strategies.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The sustainable livelihoods approach is the latest attempt to confront the issues of rural poverty.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Community development was defined as a process, program, and/or movement involving communities in teaching democratic processes and facilitating transfer of technology to a community for more effective solution of its problems.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect