Chapter 9 Self-test questions

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. 'Before the Industrial Revolution, society tended to view children as little adults, working and socialising with older adults.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Which historian is credited with the claim that the concept of childhood is a modern invention?

Peter King correct incorrect

Howard Becker correct incorrect

Roger Smith correct incorrect

Philippe Ariès correct incorrect

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. What is the current minimum age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales?

10 years old correct incorrect

12 years old correct incorrect

14 years old correct incorrect

17 years old correct incorrect

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. How did G. Stanley Hall famously describe the developmental stage of adolescence?

Fight and flight correct incorrect

Nature and nurture correct incorrect

Storm and stress correct incorrect

Age and rage correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is the dominant category of explanatory theory in the field of youth offending/youth justice?

Positivism correct incorrect

Reductionism correct incorrect

Classicism correct incorrect

Constructivism correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the biological factors that have been suggested to predispose children and young people to deviant or offending behaviour? (Select all that apply.)

Children are born with urges that are inherently antisocial correct incorrect

Inherited conditions like ADHD correct incorrect

Gender correct incorrect

Bone structure correct incorrect

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. Which of these terms are associated with developmental life course explanations of youth offending? (Select all that apply.)

Transitions correct incorrect

Turning points correct incorrect

Pathways correct incorrect

Indoctrination correct incorrect

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. What is the nature of the influence that a risk factor has on later offending, according to developmental theorists?

Causal correct incorrect

None correct incorrect

Predictive correct incorrect

Symptomatic correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is not one of the three categories into which Cloward and Ohlin suggest that deviant subcultures can be divided?

Those that take societal norms to an extreme correct incorrect

Those that hold purely criminal values correct incorrect

Those that consist of people whose status is earned through force correct incorrect

Those that represent alienation and retreat from conventional societal roles correct incorrect

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. 'Responsibilisation' is the tendency to place excessive responsibility for the causes of youth offending, and the success of responses to it, on which group or institution?

The police correct incorrect

The general public correct incorrect

The government correct incorrect

Young people and their families correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the risk factors that are emphasised in explanations of radicalisation, according to Christmann (2012)? (Select all that apply.)

Emotional vulnerability correct incorrect

Dissatisfaction correct incorrect

Conviction that action against the state is legitimate correct incorrect

Reinforcement through meaningful social links correct incorrect

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. What is the legal term for the presumption that children below a certain age are not necessarily capable of discerning between right and wrong?

carpe diem correct incorrect

caveat emptor correct incorrect

doli incapax correct incorrect

habeas corpus correct incorrect

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. 'The RFPP, or Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm, has never gained real traction as a model for explaining and responding to youth offending.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Which term best describes the main emphasis and objective of the youth justice system (YJS)?

Diversion correct incorrect

Rehabilitation correct incorrect

Neutralisation correct incorrect

Prevention correct incorrect

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. Who completes the Asset questionnaire?

A member of the Youth Justice Board (YJB) correct incorrect

A magistrate correct incorrect

A multi-agency youth offending team (YOT) practitioner correct incorrect

The offending child or young person correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the criticisms that have been levelled at Asset and Onset? (Select all that apply.)

Disproportionate levels of intervention correct incorrect

Excessive emphasis on contextual issues like socio-structural factors correct incorrect

Responsibilisation correct incorrect

An exercise in reductionism correct incorrect

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. 'Supporters of diversion within youth justice argue that children and young people who demonstrate problematic behaviour should be diverted away from the potentially damaging influence of contact with the formal YJS, and into positive and supportive interventions.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. 'Some argue that the "new age of diversion" is not be the principled model that supporters claim, and that the shift towards diversion instead represents a drive for ________.' What is the missing word or phrase?

cost-effectiveness correct incorrect

global prestige correct incorrect

inclusivity correct incorrect

legitimacy correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the principles for delivering youth justice that are emphasised by the CFOS approach? (Select all that apply.)

Engagement correct incorrect

Cost-effectiveness correct incorrect

Legitimacy correct incorrect

Adultification correct incorrect