Chapter 30 Self-test questions

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. Which of the following are considered attributes of 'new' approaches to justice? (Select all that apply.)

Bringing victims and offenders (and others) together in justice processes correct incorrect

Increasing the use of custodial sentences correct incorrect

Prioritising and resolving problems associated with the commission of an offence correct incorrect

Compensating victims for the harms of an offence rather than solely focusing on punishment correct incorrect

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. 'Formal determinations of guilt, assessment of offender culpability and need, mitigating circumstances, and standardised calculations of penal sanctions are all relevant for offence-based models of criminal justice.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are characteristics of offence-based alternatives to punishment? (Select all that apply.)

Identification of whose interests need to be taken account in resolving the offence correct incorrect

A problem-solving approach specific to the context of the offence correct incorrect

An appropriate deterrent-based punishment for the offence correct incorrect

How any needs or expectations can be met in the offence-resolution process correct incorrect

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. What is the underlying purpose of offence resolution?

Extracting compensation for victims correct incorrect

Ensuring contrition or penitence from offenders correct incorrect

Imposing appropriate sanctions for the offence correct incorrect

Healing, redemption, normalisation, and reintegration correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are attributes of restorative justice? (Select all that apply.)

Gaining reparation for harm caused by the offence correct incorrect

Considering the offence and its ramifications correct incorrect

Ensuring punishment of the offender correct incorrect

Securing retribution for the victim correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are key principles of restorative justice as defined by the Restorative Justice Council? (Select all that apply.)

Neutrality correct incorrect

Accessibility correct incorrect

Respect correct incorrect

Cost-effectiveness correct incorrect

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. 'Modern restorative justice can be traced back to the problem-solving approaches of indigenous people.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. What is the principal characteristic of diversion as an alternative to punishment?

Early intervention of criminal justice processes correct incorrect

Reliance on deterrent measures correct incorrect

Minimal intervention of criminal justice processes correct incorrect

Formal criminalisation and use of stigmatisation correct incorrect

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. Which of these methods is used to deliver restorative justice?

Court-based structures which provide legitimacy correct incorrect

A highly structured and centralised approach correct incorrect

Informal and negotiated processes correct incorrect

The threat of further custodial interventions correct incorrect

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. 'Restorative practice can be used to build strong communities and to ensure that disputes and disagreements are dealt with _______ and constructively' (Restorative Justice Council). What is the missing word in this statement?

firmly correct incorrect

positively correct incorrect

swiftly correct incorrect

cost-effectively correct incorrect

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. What is meant by restorative justice 'conferencing'?

A meeting between criminal justice professionals correct incorrect

A meeting between police and probation staff to decide on community sentence terms correct incorrect

A meeting between offender and victim and both parties' family and friends correct incorrect

A meeting at which the victim addresses members of their community correct incorrect

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. What does the 'YRD' scheme do?

It uses restorative justice to hold young people to account for minor crime and disorder correct incorrect

It deploys social exclusion orders to address youth offending correct incorrect

It means young people do not face consequences for minor crime and disorder correct incorrect

It delays resolution of crimes and misdemeanours until at least a year after they are committed correct incorrect

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. What are some of the advantages of alternatives to punishment? (Select all that apply.)

They tend to be popular with the public correct incorrect

They can be cheaper than conventional approaches correct incorrect

They are capable of reducing reoffending rates correct incorrect

They offer benefits to both victims and offenders correct incorrect

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. How does restorative justice fundamentally differ from mainstream criminal justice?

It is about abolishing criminal justice processes correct incorrect

It is about pursuing formal processes of fault-finding, blame, and punishment correct incorrect

It aims to resolve problems through negotiation and making good the effects of harm correct incorrect

It allows offenders to evade responsibility for criminal actions correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is seen as a wider consequence of alternative approaches to justice?

Enhanced social cohesion and reintegration of offenders correct incorrect

Greater respect for formal criminal justice processes correct incorrect

Greater opportunities for financial benefit to communities correct incorrect

Displacement of crime correct incorrect

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. What are some of the limitations on the take-up and application of alternatives to punishment? (Select all that apply.)

There is a lack of consensus on the best approaches correct incorrect

Punishment has been proven to be more effective correct incorrect

Offenders may not experience alternatives as any less than punishment correct incorrect

Punishment is cheaper correct incorrect