Chapter 22 Self-test questions

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. What is epistemology?

Theory of knowledge generation correct incorrect

Theory of reality generation correct incorrect

Theory of how to understand reality correct incorrect

A theory about the nature of memory correct incorrect

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. Which theory is about how we can understand reality?

Epistemology correct incorrect

Empiricism correct incorrect

Ontology correct incorrect

Methodology correct incorrect

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. Which two of the following perspectives have dominated the evolution of explanatory theories in criminology?

Constructionism correct incorrect

Interpretivism correct incorrect

Objectivism correct incorrect

Positivism correct incorrect

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. Which principles or suppositions have underpinned explanations of crime emerging from positivist research? (Select all that apply.)

Variability correct incorrect

Linearity correct incorrect

Proportionality correct incorrect

Reliability correct incorrect

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. What is the objective of a scientific experiment?

Cause and measurability correct incorrect

Cause and effect correct incorrect

Consequence and effect correct incorrect

Manipulation and measurability correct incorrect

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. What are the issues with controlling for extraneous variables in experiments in the human world? (Select all that apply.)

Complexity of human behaviour correct incorrect

Ecological validity correct incorrect

Securing access to a laboratory correct incorrect

Manipulation and measurability correct incorrect

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. Which of these are among Fisher and Geiselman's (1992) mnemonic strategies for stimulating memory? (Select all that apply.)

Context reinstatement correct incorrect

Report everything correct incorrect

Vary perspectives correct incorrect

Vary orders correct incorrect

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. 'Correlation _____ causation.' What is the missing word or phrase?

equals correct incorrect

does not equal correct incorrect

shows correct incorrect

explains correct incorrect

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. 'The search for the causes of crime is further complicated by the lack of _____ of the empirical research that claims to have identified these causes.' What is the missing word?

currency correct incorrect

reliability correct incorrect

detail correct incorrect

expertise correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the types of relationships that criminological research has identified between potential influences and offending?

Causal correct incorrect

Indicative correct incorrect

Predictive correct incorrect

Symptomatic correct incorrect

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. What is the name of the method for evaluating crime prevention programmes that contributed to the resurgence of positivist methods within criminology in the 21st century?

Better futures correct incorrect

Safer streets correct incorrect

Scientific scale correct incorrect

What works correct incorrect

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. Sherman et al. (1998) used the Scientific Methods Scale to assess the methodological quality of individual crime prevention evaluations according to three methodological criteria. Which of the following is not one of the three criteria?

Measurement error correct incorrect

Emphasis on lived experience correct incorrect

Statistical power correct incorrect

Control over extraneous variables correct incorrect

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. Which metaphor best illustrates the most common criticism of the positivist 'what works' approach?

Blind box correct incorrect

Black box correct incorrect

Pandora's box correct incorrect

Pawson's box correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the alternative models of implementing, explaining, and evaluating crime prevention programmes that are now emerging?

Realistic evaluation correct incorrect

Randomised controlled trial model correct incorrect

Theory of change model correct incorrect

Risk Factor Prevention correct incorrect

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. What is the other term used to describe chaos theory?

Erratic phenomena science correct incorrect

Realistic behavioural evaluation correct incorrect

Unpredictability theory correct incorrect

Complex systems science correct incorrect

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. On which mathematician's assertions is the concept of fractal measurement based?

Albert Einstein correct incorrect

Edward Lorenz correct incorrect

Benoit Mandelbrot correct incorrect

Adolphe Quetelet correct incorrect

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. Which mathematician uncovered what is known as the 'butterfly effect'?

Albert Einstein correct incorrect

Edward Lorenz correct incorrect

Ronald Geiselman correct incorrect

Adolphe Quetelet correct incorrect

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. 'The assumption of ______, ______, and ______ relationships between variables sits at the core of positivist analysis.' Which of the following words would not make sense in this sentence?

unpredictable correct incorrect

linear correct incorrect

proportionate correct incorrect

stable correct incorrect