Chapter 14 Self-test questions - The Oxford Textbook on Criminology 2e Student Resources

. From which social science disciplines have the defining texts on transnational criminology so far emerged? (Select all that apply.)

Criminology

Human geography

International relations

Law

. The existing literature on transnational crime and justice has mainly focused on organised crime networks. What types of transnational crimes does this focus exclude? (Select all that apply.)

Colonial and imperial crimes

Genocide

Migrant smuggling

Transatlantic slave trade

. What are the three categories of transnational crime?

Transnational corporate crime

Transnational commercial crime

Transnational organised crime

Transnational state crime

. Which of the following traditional social science distinctions does transnational criminology call into question? (Select all that apply.)

The national and the international

Crime and war

The crimes of the powerful and the powerless

The public and the private

. Which of the following are examples of transnational state terror—or 'terrorism from above' (Ruggiero, 2003)? (Select all that apply.)

The Mỹ Lai massacre in which US troops killed over 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians

The bombing of the US embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, by the Jihadist network, al-Qaida, which resulted in over 200 civilian deaths

The use of an atomic bomb by the US in Hiroshima resulting in the immediate deaths of an estimated 80,000 civilians and a further 60,000 deaths from radiation poisoning

The fire-bombing of a city-centre open-air market in the northern Syria which resulted in over 50 civilian deaths

. What does LEAP campaign for?

An end to the 'war on terror'

An end to the 'war on drugs'

An end to the 'war on migration'

An end to the 'war on extremism'

. Since the late 2000s the most popular illicit migrant route into the EU has been from West Africa to Italy, which involves crossing the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean Sea. During its worst 18-month period so far, how many migrants died trying to cross the Mediterranean?

60

660

6,600

66,000

. What are some of the obstacles standing in the way of harmonised international responses to preventing, identifying, and policing cybercrimes? (Select all that apply.)

International cooperation

Cross-jurisdiction differences

Digital divide

Distrust between states

. Criminologists adopting a radical, non-mainstream position question traditional assumptions about criminal organisations and their leaders. Which of the following are among their claims? (Select all that apply.)

The most effective way of dealing with organised crime is to remove its leaders, so that the remaining layers of the pyramid structure collapse.

Much organised crime is rational and emerges from groups of otherwise law-abiding people taking advantage of criminal opportunities.

The violence associated with organised crime is usually incidental to the groups' primary objectives.

Criminal organisations typically work through networks of individual actors or small groups of friends and acquaintances.

. What does the phrase 'global civil society' refer to?

Global North organisations

Non-governmental organisations

Transnational organisations

Global South organisations

. Which of the following are examples of civil society NGOs? (Select all that apply.)

Greenpeace

Human Rights Watch

International Criminal Court

United Nations