Chapter 10 Self-test questions - The Oxford Textbook on Criminology 2e Student Resources

. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, Europeans migrated outwards to America, Africa, and Asia. Which mechanisms of control did these imperial powers use to control and discipline the indigenous populations? (Select all that apply.)

European ideas about punishment

The penal law

Concepts of justice

The rule of law

. Which of the following are 'old' commonwealth countries? (Select all that apply.)

Canada

India

Kenya

New Zealand

. Which seminal work clearly illustrated how police believed black people to be inherently criminal?

Hall et al. (1978) 'Policing the Crisis'

Bowling and Phillips (2002) 'Racism, Crime and Justice'

Shiner et al. (2018) 'The Colour of Injustice'

Parmar et al. (2020) 'Race Matters in Criminology'

. What is the name of the rule brought in by the National Football League in the US in an effort to increase diversity within the game?

The Ferdinand rule

The Gerrard rule

The Lampard rule

The Rooney rule

. What factors do we need to bear in mind when approaching information about race, ethnicity, and crime? (Select all that apply.)

It can be subject to change, updates, and corrections.

It can be biased or subjective.

Criminological knowledge in this area is fairly limited.

It can oversimplify the issues.

. When were the first official statistics on the racial and ethnic backgrounds of the prison population in England and Wales published?

1969

1975

1984

1992

. Why should statistics on crime be treated with particular caution in the context of race and ethnicity? (Select all that apply.)

Misrepresentation

Discretion

Inconsistent recording

They are less frequently updated

. The relationship between crime, race, and ethnicity is undoubtedly nuanced, but explanations and arguments that rely on the complexity and reliability of the available data ultimately appear to benefit which group?

Victims

Offenders

The wider community

Those in power

. 'Black, Asian, and ethnic minority people are more likely to be victims of crime compared to white people.' True or false?

True

False

. Which of the following are recent examples of the significant harms caused to black and ethnic minority people by the systemic disadvantages they face? (Select all that apply.)

The 2016 EU referendum

The 2017 Grenfell fire disaster

The 2020 murder of George Floyd

The high number of coronavirus deaths among people from minority ethnic backgrounds

. In England and Wales, how many more times are black people likely to be subject to 'stop and search' powers compared to white people?

3 times

6 times

9 times

12 times

. Black and minority ethnic groups are over-represented at all stages of the criminal justice process and appear, based on the statistical 'facts', to be committing more crimes, of a more serious nature. Which of the following have been identified as the causes of this over-representation? (Select all that apply.)

Committing more crimes

Social exclusion

Deprivation

Discrimination

. By which of the following groups is the criminal justice system predominantly run?

White males

White females

BAME males

BAME females

. Which group(s) of young defendants charged with burglary and theft offences are more likely to have their case terminated by the CPS? (Select all that apply.)

White British

White Irish

Black

Asian

. 'Black and Asian defendants are ______ likely to plead guilty compared to white defendants.' What is the missing word in this statement?

Less

Equally

More

Almost as

. In 2018, ethnic minority groups comprised what percentage of the prisoner population?

7%

17%

27%

37%

. The Scarman Inquiry was commissioned by the UK government as a direct response to which event?

The Brixton riots

The murder of Stephen Lawrence

The Hillsborough disaster

The Grenfell disaster

. What did the Lawrence Inquiry identify for the first time, not only in relation to the police, but also housing and education?

Institutional racism

Police corruption

Systematic prejudice

Systematic racism

. What did the Mubarek Inquiry aim to determine?

Whether the Police were institutionally racist

Whether the CPS were institutionally racist

Whether the Prison Service were institutionally racist

Whether the Probation Service were institutionally racist

. Which particularly impactful review made 35 recommendations which range from staffing prisons with personnel more representative of society, to the quality of data on race and using modern slavery legislation to protect the public and prevent the exploitation of vulnerable young people?

The Denman Report (2001)

The Race Review (2008)

The Young Review (2014)

The Lammy Review (2017)

. Critical race theory is generally preferred by criminologists and sociologists studying race, but which of the following have also been used to better understand and respond to the complex issues of race, ethnicity, and crime? (Select all that apply.)

Cultural criminology

Classical criminology

Structuralism

Psychological positivism

. 'CRT theorists assert that racism is a normal feature of social relations.' True or false?

True

False

. What do 'race-switching' exercises aim to reveal? (Select all that apply.)

Implicit bias

Racial bias

Indirect discrimination

Direct discrimination

. What is the term used to describe efforts to reassess and reconstruct what is taught in schools and universities to mitigate the dominance of white people and white-focused perspectives?

British colonial history

Decolonising the curriculum

Reconstructing the curriculum

Understanding race relations